TIP Do pay attention to the punctuation in English novels and non-fiction books. Don't copy the punctuation used on websites: they often have incorrect punctuation.

The diagram shows that the process for extracting essential oil relies on water in two ways. Steam removes the oil from the leaves and then cold water cools the steam so that it separates from the oil.

Activity 5.13

Add the full stops and capital letters in these sentences. The first one has been done for you.

1. the steam passes into the chamber and mixes with the leaves the oil from the leaves mixes with the steam and rises out the top of the chamber
   Answer: The steam passes into the chamber and mixes with the leaves. The oil from the leaves mixes with the steam and rises out the top of the chamber.
2. the first and last stages of the process are the same for all three types of tea they are all sun dried and oven dried
   Answer

   The first and last stages of the process are the same for all three types of tea. They are all sun dried and oven dried.

3. the graph compares the amount of social contact that men and women have at different ages it seems that older women generally have more contact with their family and friends than older men
   Answer

   The graph compares the amount of social contact that men and women have at different ages. It seems that older women generally have more contact with their family and friends than older men.

4. men of all ages generally participate in more sport than women the only age when this is not true is 45 to 55
   Answer

   Men of all ages generally participate in more sport than women. The only age when this is not true is 45 to 55.

5. the survey results show that people are less likely to worry about debts as they get older this could be because they get better at paying bills on time
   Answer

   The survey results show that people are less likely to worry about debts as they get older. This could be because they get better at paying bills on time.

6. company A sold more widgets than gadgets between 2000 and 2005 company B's sales were the complete opp9site of this
   Answer

   Company A sold more widgets than gadgets between 2000 and 2005. Company B's sales were the complete opposite of this.

The average maximum temperature in European countries was generally lower than in other regions, although Spain's average was as high as in some African countries.
Although the national average wage increased over the period, the average wage for rural workers did not change.
Women's literacy rates were generally lower than men's, especially in developing nations.

Firstly, the leaf is sun dried to remove most of the moisture.
A safety manager was appointed in 1991. However, this did not reduce the number of workplace injuries.

Los Angeles, Beijing, Mexico City and Guangzhou had the worst air pollution in 2010.
The rainfall was highest in June, July, August and September with 300 mm, 500 mm, 900 mm and 700 mm respectively.

The capital city of Japan, Tokyo, has the largest metropolitan area.
The average number of complaints was lowest in March, at 5 per day, and highest in November, at 42 per day.

TIP This is an easy way to improve your answer after you have finished writing. If you realise that you haven't included enough data, go back and add these clauses. For example:
Average summer temperatures were highest in Seville, at 32 degrees, and lowest in Vladivostok, at 22 degrees.

Activity 5.14

Add commas to these sentences.

1. The diagram shows that three different processes can make one ingredient tea leaves into three different products.
   Answer

   The diagram shows that three different processes can make one ingredient, tea leaves, into three different products.

2. Green tea oolong tea and black tea are all produced by slightly different processes.
   Answer

   Green tea, oolong tea and black tea are all produced by slightly different processes.

3. In Europe where recycling taxes were highest about 50 per cent of people recycled often.
   Answer

   In Europe, where recycling taxes were highest, about 50 per cent of people recycled often.

4. International exports of raw materials increased steadily from 1995 to 2005 but this gain was lost when exports plummeted between 2005 and 2010.
   Answer

   International exports of raw materials increased steadily from 1995 to 2005, but this gain was lost when exports plummeted between 2005 and 2010.

5. On the other hand international exports of manufactured materials showed no change over the period.
   Answer

   On the other hand, international exports of manufactured materials showed no change over the period.

Activity 5.15

Add the full stops, commas and capital letters to this Task 1 answer.

the diagram shows that slightly different processes can make three different kinds of tea from the same raw ingredient tea leaves the common stages in the process sun-drying and oven-drying are the first and last steps it is the steps in the middle that make the final products different

green tea is unlike the other types of tea while oolong tea and black tea are oxidised green tea isn't the leaves are simply sun dried steamed rolled and then oven dried

meanwhile black tea and oolong tea are sun dried and then squashed in some way oolong tea is bruised and black tea is rolled these two teas are also different in how much oxidation they get with part oxidation for oolong tea and full oxidation for black tea after the oxidation process both types of tea are oven dried as noted earlier this step is the same for all types of tea

Answer

The diagram shows that slightly different processes can make three different kinds of tea from the same raw ingredient, tea leaves. The common stages in the process, sun-drying and oven-drying, are the first and last steps. It is the steps in the middle that make the final products different.
Green tea is unlike the other types of tea. While oolong tea and black tea are oxidised, green tea isn't. The leaves are simply sun dried, steamed, rolled and then oven dried. Meanwhile, black tea and oolong tea are sun dried and then squashed in some way. Oolong tea is bruised and black tea is rolled. These two teas are also different in how much oxidation they get, with part oxidation for oolong tea and full oxidation for black tea. After the oxidation, both types of tea are oven dried. As noted earlier, this step is the same for all types of tea.